|
(1) No person shall make any new street without
the prior written permission of the local authority.
(2) Any person who intends to make any new street shall apply to the local authority,
accompanied by a plan in duplicate, showing the intended level and construction
of such street and the level of the houses to be built on the land abutting
upon it and the proposed manner of draining it and by a statement specifying
the use for which such street is intended:
Provided that the local authority shall not approve the detailed plans of any
new street unless the use of the land for this purpose has been approved by
the competent authority under any law relating to town and country planning.
(3) The local authority may give written directions to the person submitting
a plan for a new street with regard to any of the following particulars -
(a) compliance with this Act and any by-laws made thereunder;
(b) the line of the new street, so as to ensure that it forms a continuous
street with any existing or proposed new street;
(c) the level, material and construction of the new street;
(d) the provision of footpaths and the size, specification and gradient of
such footpaths;
(e) the provision along the length of the new street of intersecting streets
or back-lanes;
(f) the width of the new street;
(g) the width of any intersecting street or back-lane, which shall be of such
width as the local authority requires;
(h) the gradients, levels and mode of drainage of the new street and of any
intersecting streets or back-lanes;
(i) the rounding of the corners of new streets;
(j) the provision of culverts and the sizes, specifications and gradients
of such culverts; and
(k) the provision of street lighting.
and the person to whom any such
written directions are given shall amend the plan accordingly.
(4) The person whose plan has been approved by the local authority
and each successor in title of such person, in so far as the street lies in
the land acquired by him, shall lay out the new street and demarcate its boundaries
by such boundary stones or other marks as may be specified by the local authority
to denote the length, width and alignment of the street.
(5) If the new street has not been laid out and demarcated within the period
of six months from the date when the plan was first approved or within such
further period as may be approved by the local authority, the local authority
may enter upon the land and lay out the new street and demarcate its boundaries
at the expense of the person whose plan has been approved or of his successor
in title.
(6) The person whose plan has been approved by the local authority or his successor
in title in so far as the street lies in the land acquired by him shall, if
he constructs the new street, construct the new street in accordance with the
plan approved by the local authority within such period as may be specified
in such approval:
Provided that the local authority may renew such approval
for such period as it considers necessary.
(7) Any person who -
(a) constructs any new street otherwise
than in accordance with a plan approved by the local authority under this
section;
(b) without the permission in writing of the local authority plants any hedge
in such manner that any part thereon is in any direction less than twenty
feet from the centre of the carriageway of any street, not being a public
street, or less than forty feet from the opposite side of any road or path
which is used or intended to be used as the means of access to two or more
houses exclusive of the width of any footway which the local authority requires;
or
(c) constructs any culvert or bridge on the line of the new street drainage
otherwise than in accordance with the plans and specifications approved by
the local authority,
shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding two thousand ringgit,
and a Magistrate's Court shall, on the application of the local authority,
make a mandatory order against the offender requiring him to execute any one
or more of the following works -
(i) to alter the street;
(ii) to remove any hedge so planted;
(iii) to alter or remove any culvert or bridge so constructed; or
(iv) to comply with the plan approved by the local authority.
(8) Where any new street is stated to be intended
for pedestrians, the local authority may impose such conditions for ensuring
that the same shall not be used by vehicles or classes of vehicles as may be
specified by it.
(9) Any person who keeps open or uses such street in breach of the conditions
imposed under subsection (8) shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding
one thousand ringgit and shall also be liable to a further fine not exceeding
one hundred ringgit for every day during which the offence is continued after
service of a notice to cease the breach.
(10) No person shall erect or maintain or permit to be erected or maintained
any obstruction in any street, and the local authority may, where any such obstruction
exists, take down and remove the same and cost and expenses of so doing may
be recovered from the person who erects, maintains or permits the erection or
maintenance of such obstruction and shall be recoverable in the manner hereinafter
provided.
(11) For the purposes of this section the continuation of an existing street
or the widening or alteration of any existing street or the adapting for carriage
traffic of a street made for other traffic shall be deemed to be making a new
street in respect of the whole thereof.
(12) If the person applying under subsection (2) is dissatisfied with any requisition
or disapproval by the local authority, he may, within seven days from the receipt
of such requisition or disapproval, appeal to the State Authority whose decision
shall be final.
(13) If the local authority does not, within two months of receipt of the application
and plan under this section approve, disapprove or make written requisition
with regard thereto the applicant may then apply to the State Authority, and
the powers vested in the local authority under this section shall then be vested
in the State Authority.
10. Approval of plans to expire.
All plans for the making of a new street which
were approved under the provisions of any written law before the coming into
force of this Act shall expire at the end of one year from the date of coming
into force of this Act:
Provided that the local authority may grant a renewal of such approval for such
period as it may determine, but such renewal shall not in the aggregate exceed
twelve months.
11. Paving, etc.
of private streets.
(1) Where any private street or part of a
private street in the opinion of the local authority requires street works,
the local authority shall cause to be prepared plans and specifications of the
street works and an estimate of the cost thereof and a provisional apportionment
of such estimated expenses among the frontagers or developers or both and shall
serve a notice of such decision upon each of the frontagers and developers requiring
them to execute to the satisfaction and in accordance with the directions in
writing of the local authority, such street works and within such period as
may be specified in the notice.
Appointment of cost.
(2) In apportioning the estimated cost thereof among the frontagers or developers,
the local authority may take into consideration any or all of the following
factors -
(a) the frontage of their respective premises;
(b) the area of their respective premises;
(c) the degree of benefit to be derived by those premises from the construction
of such street works;
(d) the amount and value of street works already executed by any frontager
or developer;
(e) reasonable charges in respect of surveys, superintendence and publication
and service of notices; and
(f) any other matters which in the opinion of the local authority are relevant
and proper to be considered.
Plans, etc., to be open to inspection
by or on behalf of any person upon whom notice served.
(3) During one month from the date of the
issue for service of the notice referred to in subsection (1), the said plans,
specifications, estimate and provisional apportionment shall be open to inspection
by or on behalf of any person upon whom such notice has been served and by or
on behalf of the owners of any building or holding listed at the office of the
local authority; and such notice shall state -
(a) that such plan, specification, estimate
and provisional apportionment are so open to inspection as aforesaid during
the usual office hours until a day (not less than one month from the date
of issue for service of such notice) upon which the local authority will consider
any objections to the proposed street works or to the plan, specification,
estimate and provisional apportionment or any amendment thereof; and
(b) that in default of compliance with the requirements of the local authority
as stated in such notice, the local authority will itself cause the street
works to be executed.
Local authority may amend plan, etc.,
for any street works.
(4) The local authority may from time to time amend the plan, specification,
estimate and provisional apportionment for any street works, but if any reason
of such an amendment the estimate in respect of any private street or part thereof
is increased or the provisional apportionment of the cost of such street works
on any premises is increased, such notices previously served shall be withdrawn
by the local authority and fresh notices based on the amended plan, specification,
estimate and provisional apportionment or any of them shall be served by the
local authority in accordance with the provisions of subsection (1) and the
amended plan, specification, estimate and provisional apportionment shall be
similarly open to inspection.
Frontagers may object to execution of
proposed street works and to plan, etc.
(5) During the period of one month referred to in subsection (3) the frontager
or developer shown in the provisional apportionment or amended provisional apportionment
as liable to be charged with any part of the expenses of executing the street
works may, by notice in writing duly served upon the local authority, object
to the proposed street works and to the plan, specification, estimate and provisional
apportionment or to any one or more of them or to any amendment thereof pursuant
to subsection (4), on any one or more of the following grounds -
(a) that the alleged private street or part
thereof is not or does not form part of a street within the meaning of this
Act;
(b) that the alleged private street or part thereof is (in whole or in part)
a public street;
(c) that there has been some material informality, defect or error in, or
in respect of, the decision, notice, plan, specification, estimate or provisional
apportionment or amendment thereof;
(d) that the proposed street works are insufficient or unreasonable or that
the expenses as estimated are excessive;
(e) that any premises ought to be excluded from or listed in the provisional
apportionment;
(f) that the provisional apportionment or amended provisional apportionment
is incorrect in respect of some matter of fact to be specified in the objection
or (where the provisional apportionment is made with regard to other considerations
other than frontage as provided in this section) in respect of the degree
of benefit derived by any person or the amount and value of any street works
already executed by the owner or occupier of any premises.
Objections
(6) After objections duly made under subsection (5) have been inquired into
and the persons making them have been allowed an opportunity of being heard,
the local authority may as its discretion confirm or amend the plan, specification,
estimate and provisional apportionment.
(7) The plan, specification, estimate and provisional apportionment so confirmed
or amended shall be open to inspection by the persons referred to in subsection
(3) or (4) during the usual office hours at the office of the local authority
and a notice stating that they are open to inspection shall be published in
such manner as the local authority may determine.
(8) No objection shall be made to such amended requisition or estimates or apportionment.
When local authority may execute work.
(9) If such street works -
(a) are not commenced within the period specified in the
notice served under subsection (1); or
(b) are not commenced within thirty days from the date of such confirmation
or amendment under subsection (6); or
(c) having been commenced are thereafter suspended or are not completed within
the period specified in the notice under subsection (1) or within thirty days
of confirmation or amendment under subsection (6) as the case may be,
the local authority may, if it thinks fit, cause the same
to be executed and completed.
Final apportionment on completion of
work.
(10) When the street works have been completed by the local authority and the
cost thereof ascertained, the local authority shall cause a final apportionment
of the cost of such street works to be made by dividing the expenses in the
same proportions as those made in which the estimated expenses were divided
in the provisional apportionment or amended provisional apportionment (as the
case may be) and such final apportionment shall be conclusive for all purposes
and notice of such final apportionment shall be served upon persons who are
frontagers at the time of completion of the work affected thereby or the developers
or both and the sums apportioned thereby shall be recoverable in the manner
hereinafter provided.
Extent of
liability of owner when expenses exceeded.
(11) If the expenses incurred by the local authority in executing the street
works as shown in the final apportionment exceeds the estimated expenses as
shown in the provisional apportionment or amended provisional apportionment
(as the case may be) the frontagers or developers affected shall not be liable
to pay that part of such expenses as shown in the final apportionment which
are in excess of a sum equal to the estimates shown in the said provisional
apportionment plus ten per centum thereof.
(12) (a) The local authority may instead of charging the frontagers or developers
pay the whole or part of the cost of the street works and may exempt any premises
or class of premises from payment of the whole or part of the cost apportioned
to that premises or class of premises.
(b) If the local authority exempt any premises or class of premises from payment
of the whole or part of the apportioned cost, the local authority shall pay
the sums apportioned to such premises or class of premises as if it were the
owner of that premises or class of premises.
(13) For the purpose of this section "developer" means the developer of lands
belonging to persons who would be frontagers.
12. Declaration of
public street.
(1) Where street works have been
executed to the satisfaction of the local authority under this Part in respect
of a private street, which is not less than forty feet wide, then on the request
-
(a) in the case of street works executed
under section 11, of the several frontagers listed in the final apportionment
as together have an annual value of more than fifty per centum of the total
annual value of the premises so listed; or
(b) in any other case, of the several frontagers of such private street or
part of a private street as together have an annual value of more than fifty
per centum of the total annual value of the premises fronting on, adjoining,
abutting on or (though not actually so fronting, adjoining or abutting) adjacent
or accessible to such private street or part of the private street, as the
case may be,
demanding that the private street or part
of the private street be declared a public street, the local authority shall
declare the same to be a public street and such street shall thereupon become
a public street and forever afterwards be maintained by the local authority.
(2) The declaration shall be published in such manner as the
local authority thinks fit.
13. Private streets may be declared public street.
(1) If any street, not being a public street,
is levelled, channelled and drained, and either paved, metalled or flagged to
the satisfaction of the local authority, it may, whether at the request of the
frontagers or otherwise, if it thinks fit, declare that at the expiration of
one month from the date thereof the said street shall become a public street.
(2) Notwithstanding subsection (1) the local authority may require the frontagers
to provide lighting for the street to the satisfaction of the local authority
as a condition precedent to the declaration under subsection (1).
(3) A copy of the intention to declare such street as a public street shall
be forthwith posted up in some prominent part of the said street.
(4) At the expiration of the said period, unless the frontagers or such frontagers
having the greater part in the annual value have, by notice to the local authority
in writing under their hands, objected thereto, the said street shall become
a public street and forever afterwards be maintained by the local authority.
(5) After considering the objections or if there is no objection after the expiration
of the said period the local authority shall declare the street as a public
street.
14. Widening of private streets.
(1) Whenever the local authority decides that
it is necessary to widen, open, enlarge or otherwise improve any private street
or any part of a private street, the local authority shall prepare a plan showing
the premises which will be acquired for the purpose of effecting such widening,
opening, enlarging or otherwise improving the street:
Provided that any acquisition of premises shall be in accordance with the law
relating to the compulsory acquisition of land.
Acquisition of whole building if part rendered
useless.
(2) Where the acquisition under this section of any portion of a building affixed
to a holding renders useless the remainder of such building, the State Authority
shall, if the owner so requires, acquire the remainder of the holding of which
such building forms a part.
Acquisition of whole holding in certain
circumstances.
(3) Where the acquisition under this section of any portion of a holding having
no building affixed to that portion or to the remainder of the holding, would
render useless as a building site the remainder of the holding the State Authority
shall, if the owner so requires, acquire the remainder of the holding.
(4) The cost of acquisition under this section may be recovered from the developers
or frontagers or both.
Owner to repay local authority cost of
acquisition.
(5) If it is to be recovered from the frontagers it shall be apportioned among
the persons who are frontagers of such street at the time of completion of such
widening, opening, enlarging or other improvement and the sums apportioned shall
be recoverable as hereinafter provided from such persons by the local authority.
Factors to be taken into consideration
for apportionment.
(6) In apportioning the cost thereof among the frontagers or developers, the
local authority may take into consideration any or all of the following factors
-
(a) the frontage of their respective premises;
(b) the area of their respective premises;
(c) the degree of benefit to be derived by those premises from the widening
of the street;
(d) the amount and value of street works already executed by any frontager
or developer;
(e) the cost of premises voluntarily surrendered by the owners to the local
authority; and
(f) any other matters which in the opinion of the local authority are relevant
and proper to be considered.
(7) The frontagers or developers affected
by the apportionment may within one month of the receipt of the notice to pay
the amount appeal to the State Authority whose decision shall be final.
(8) Pending the decision of the State Authority, the frontager or developer
shall be bound to pay the sum first and if the decision of the State Authority
is in favour of the appellant, the local authority shall remit such sum or part
of such sum as the case may be.
(9) For the purpose of subsections (1), (2) and (3) in relation to the Federal
Territory references to the State Authority shall be construed as references
to the Government of the Federation.
(10) For the purpose of this section "developer" means the developer of lands
belonging to persons who would be the frontagers.
15.
Repair of private streets.
(1) Where any private street or any part thereof
is in a dangerous or defective condition, the local authority may, by notice
in writing, require -
(a) the developer;
(b) the frontagers of such street; or
(c) any other person who, in the opinion of the local authority, was responsible
for causing the street to be in a dangerous or defective condition,
to cause such street to be properly repaired
and amended within such time as may be prescribed in such notice and may in
such notice specify the date before which such work shall be commenced.
(2) If any frontager or developer or any other person fails to comply with the
requirements of such notice, the local authority may itself cause the work to
be done and such frontager or such other person shall pay to the local authority
the cost and expense thereof as apportioned by the local authority:
Provided that if such frontager or developer or such other person fails to commence
such work before the date specified under subsection (1), the local authority
may in its discretion, notwithstanding that the period stated in the notice
for the completion of the work has not yet expired, itself cause the work to
be done and recover the cost and expense thereof in the manner hereinafter provided.
(3) If any frontager or developer or any other person is dissatisfied with the
apportionment of costs, he may within one month from the date of receipt of
the notice appeal to the State Authority whose decision thereon shall be final
and shall not be subject to any appeal in any court.
(4) Notwithstanding subsections (1) and (2), the local authority may, in its
discretion, and so far as the funds at its disposal will admit, execute at its
own expense street works on any private street or any part thereof as may be
deemed necessary for or conducive to the public safety, health, convenience
or comfort:
Provided that the execution of such street works at the expense of the local
authority shall not affect the liability of such frontagers or developers or
any other persons under subsections (1) and (2).
(5) A certificate of the local authority stating that it is of the opinion that
such person named in such certificate was responsible for causing a private
street or part thereof to be in a dangerous or defective condition shall be
prima facie evidence of such facts for the purpose of any proceedings for the
recovery of the cost and expense of repairing such private street.
(6) For the purpose of this section "developer" means the developer of lands
belonging to persons who would be the frontagers.
16. Notice on person causing private street to be in a dangerous
or defective condition.
(1) Where the local authority is of the opinion
that any frontager, developer or any other person is responsible for causing
a private street or any part thereof to be in a dangerous or defective condition
it may, by notice, require him not to make further use of the private street
for the purpose of transporting any matter, material or thing, or prohibit the
use of the road by specified class of vehicles, until he deposits with the local
authority such sum as the local authority may specify.
(2) The local authority shall in specifying the sum to be deposited with the
local authority under subsection (1) have regard to the cost and expense that
would have to be incurred if it should cause the repairs to be done.
(3) Any frontager, developer or any other person who fails to comply with the
notice shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding five thousand ringgit
or to imprisonment for a term which may extend to twelve months or to both such
fine and imprisonment.
(4) The certificate of the local authority stating that it is of the opinion
that such frontager, developer or such other person named in such certificate
was responsible for causing a private street or part thereof to be in a dangerous
or defective condition shall be prima facie evidence of such facts for the purposes
of any prosecution under this section.
17. Payments to be made before erection of buildings in respect
of street works.
(1) Subject to this section -
(a) where any building which is to be erected
will have frontage on a private street in respect of which the local authority
may be able to exercise its powers under the provisions of section 11 to require
street works to be executed or to execute street works on its own; or
(b) in any case where an application is required, under the provisions of
section 9, for the making of a new street,
no work shall be commenced or done for the
purpose of erecting such buildings, unless -
(aa) the person erecting the building has
deposited with the local authority such sum, if any, as may be required to
be deposited in accordance with an order made under section 18; or
(bb) the deposit in respect of the erection of such building or class of buildings
has been exempted under any order made by the State Authority under subsection
(8):
Provided that such person may, if the local
authority so agrees, instead of making a deposit of a sum of money give a security
to the satisfaction of the local authority.
(2) If any work for the erection of any new building is commenced in contravention
of subsection (1), the local authority shall serve a notice in writing upon
the person who, in the opinion of the local authority, is responsible for the
commencement of any such work, or post a notice at the site of the erection
of the new building, requiring such person and any other person to cease building
operation forthwith and the building operation shall not resume unless the requirements
under subsection (1) have been complied with.
(3) If the person served with the notice under subsection (2) claims that he
is not the person responsible for the commencement of any such work, he shall,
within seven days of service of the notice on him, lodge his disclaimer of responsibility
with the local authority.
(4) If any work for the erection of any new building is commenced in contravention
of subsection (1) the person who is responsible for the commencement of such
work shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding five thousand ringgit
or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding twelve months or to both such fine
and imprisonment.
(5) Any person who fails to comply with any notice under subsection (2) shall
in addition to any fine imposed under subsection (4) be liable to a further
fine not exceeding two hundred and fifty ringgit for every day during which
such notice was not complied with.
(6) Where any person has been convicted of an offence under subsection (4) or
(5) or both and the erection of the building has been completed, the court before
which such person is convicted may, in addition to such fine or imprisonment
that it may impose under subsection (4) or (5) or both, order him to deposit
any amount that he would have been required to deposit under section 18, and
such amount may be recovered according to the law for the time being in force
for the recovery of fines.
(7) A certificate of the local authority stating that it is of the opinion -
(a) that the person named in such certificate
is responsible for the commencement of any work for the erection of any new
buildings; or
(b) that any new building in respect of which a prosecution had been instituted
in regard to the commencement of any work, for contravening the provisions
of subsection (1), has been completed, shall be prima facie evidence of such
facts for the purposes of any prosecution under this section.
(8) The State Authority may by order in writing
exempt any building or class of buildings from the provisions of subsection
(1).
18. Determination of the amount to be deposited and the date
of completion.
(1) Any person who intends to commence any
work for the erection of any new building shall unless exempted apply to the
local authority for an order from the local authority specifying the amount
required to be deposited for street works and the date on or before which such
street works shall be completed.
(2) The person applying for such an order shall within fourteen days of service
of the order on him deposit with the local authority the sum stated in the order
or give the security.
(3) In making the order the local authority shall have regard to the amount
that would be expended by it if it executed the street works under this Act.
(4) Any person who is dissatisfied with such order shall, within ten days of
the service of the order on him, appeal to the State Authority whose decision
thereon shall be final and shall not be subject to any appeal in any court.
19. Local authority may execute and cause to be properly carried
out street works.
(1) If street works are not commenced after
the commencement of building operations or are not executed to the satisfaction
of the local authority, in any case where a deposit has been made or security
given under section 18 (2), the local authority may, at any time after giving
notice of its intention to do so execute or cause the street works to be properly
carried out.
(2) The costs of the execution of the street works or of causing the street
works to be properly carried out by the local authority shall be recovered from
the deposit made or security given under section 18 (2).
20. Refund of deposit when street works have been completed.
(1) Where a deposit has been made or security
given under section 18 (2) and street works have been carried out to the satisfaction
of the local authority, the local authority shall refund to the person who made
such deposit or gave such security the whole or part of such deposit or security.
(2) The local authority may retain the deposit or security or any part of such
deposit or security if, it is of the opinion that -
(a) the street works have not been executed
properly; or
(b) the building operations, in regard to the erection of any building which
have not been commenced or completed, would require further street works to
be executed; or
(c) such deposit or security is required for a period of maintenance, which
period shall not exceed twelve months.
(3) In this section and in section 19 "building
operations" means such works as are carried out for the erection of any new
building including works which are preparatory to the erection of such new building.
21. Refund of deposit when building operations are not commenced.
(1) Any person who has made a deposit or given
a security under section 18 (2) and who subsequently decides not to proceed
with the erection of any building, without having commenced any building operations,
shall serve the local authority notice of this intention not to proceed with
the erection of such building.
(2) The local authority shall, upon receipt of such notice, cancel the approval
of the plans and specifications in respect of such proposed building.
(3) The local authority shall refund the deposit or part thereof or return such
security or part thereof as it may determine.
22. Preparation of scheme for building.
(1) Where the local authority has reason to
believe that any land is likely to be used for building purposes, it may prepare
a scheme consistent with any plans made under any law relating to town and country
planning, showing the streets, back-lanes and open spaces which it deems necessary
to secure proper sanitary conditions, amenity and convenience in connection
with the laying out and the use of such land and of any neighbouring lands.
(2) The local authority shall as soon as the scheme is prepared publish a public
notice of the preparation of the scheme in the Gazette and in such local newspaper
or newspapers as the local authority may determine, giving particulars of place
or places where copies of the scheme may be inspected, inviting objections in
writing from any person with respect to the scheme and stating the period (which
shall not be less than one month) within which such objections may be made.
(3) If no objection is received within the period in which objections may be
made the local authority shall apply to the State Authority for an order that
the scheme be confirmed.
(4) Where there is any objection the local authority shall, after the expiry
of the period within which such objection may be received, consider such objection
and may in this connection hear any person who in filing the objection has requested
to be heard.
(5) The local authority shall after considering the objection submit to the
State Authority its scheme whether modified or otherwise and may enter its reasons
for refusing to modify or for modifying in the manner that it did.
Order may be made with conditions.
(6) The State Authority may by order confirm the scheme submitted by the local
authority under subsection (3) or (5) and may, in confirming the scheme, modify
the scheme or impose such conditions as the State Authority thinks fit.
State Authority may modify scheme
(7) The State Authority may, on the application of either the owner of the land
affected or the local authority at any time after any scheme has been confirmed
under subsection (6) but only after giving every owner or reputed owner of any
property which in its opinion is affected by such modification and the local
authority an opportunity to be heard either in person or by counsel, modify
such scheme or any part thereof.
Effect of plan forming part of scheme.
(8) Any plan forming part of any scheme made under this section shall, for the
purposes of section 70, have the same effect as a plan approved by the local
authority under that section:
Provided that the duty imposed by the scheme shall not attach to any person
unless and until he submits a plan for the erection of a building on some part
of the land comprised in the plan under section 70.
23. Regular line of street may be prescribed.
(1) The local authority may, with the sanction
of the State Authority, prescribe a line on each side of a public street within
which, except under section 34 no portion of any building abutting on the said
street shall, after such line has been prescribed, be constructed.
(2) A line so prescribed shall be called "the regular line of the street".
24. Local authority in certain cases may take possession of land
within the regular line of street.
(1) When any building or any part of a building
which lies within the regular line of the street falls down or is burned down
or is taken down the local authority may take possession of the portion of land
within the regular line of the street that was occupied by the said building
and, if necessary, clear the same.
(2) If any land, whether open or enclosed, lies within the regular line of the
street and is not occupied by a house, or if a platform, verandah, step or some
other structure external to a house abutting on a public street or a portion
of a platform, verandah, step or other such structure is within the regular
line of the street, the local authority may, after giving to the owner of the
land or building not less than seven clear days' notice in writing of its intention
to do so, take possession of the said land with its enclosing wall, hedge or
fence, if any, or of the said platform, verandah, step or such other structure
and, if necessary, clear the same.
Land taken to form part of street.
(3) Land so taken possession of under this section shall be acquired by the
State Authority at the request of the local authority in accordance with any
law relating to the compulsory acquisition of land and when acquired shall be
deemed to be a part of the public street.
(4) For the purpose of subsection (3), in relation to the Federal Territory
reference to the State Authority shall be construed as reference to the Government
of the Federation.
25. Provision of footways, etc.
(1) Wherever there is a frontage to the public
street vacant of houses to a depth of four feet or more, lying between arcades
or public footways or between such buildings and another street, the local authority
may, by notice in writing, require the owner or owners of such vacant frontage
or the owners of the several frontages making up the same forthwith to allow
without compensation a footway of a width of seven feet or equal to the vacant
depth of the frontage whichever is less, to be made for the use of the public
along the said frontage, and, if necessary for this purpose, to set back any
wall, fence, paling, hedge or other similar erection separating his or their
land from the public street to a distance not exceeding seven feet from the
edge of the street within three months from the date of the notice.
(2) The cost of constructing and maintaining any footway proposed to be made
under the powers given in this section, as well as the cost of setting back
any such erection as aforesaid, shall be borne by the local authority and the
notice or notices required to be given shall contain a specification of the
work required to be done and the materials to be used and an offer by the local
authority to pay such sum as may be specified therein as being the cost of carrying
out such work.
Who to execute work.
(3) On receipt of the notice the owner or owners may either execute the work
as regards their respective frontages or require the local authority to do so,
and, where any owner executing such work fails to complete the work within the
time specified in the notice, the local authority may enter upon his land and
carry out the work.
Plan to be delivered.
(4) In every case where a footway is made under this section, the local authority
shall deliver to each owner of the land a plan showing the land taken for such
footway and a statement to the effect that the land has been taken under this
section for use as a public footway, subject nevertheless to the right of each
owner and his successors in title at any time to build in such manner and to
such extent as he would have been entitled to build if the land had not been
taken for use as a public footway.
26. Local authority may put up lamp-posts and lamps.
(1) The local authority may cause lamp-irons,
lamp-posts or other lighting apparatus to be put up or fixed upon or against
the walls or palisades of any building or enclosure, doing as little damage
as is practicable thereto, or to be put up or erected in such other manner within
any street, road or place as it deems proper and may cause such number of lamps
of such sizes and sorts to be provided and affixed and put on such lamp-irons
and lamp-posts as are necessary for lighting all or any of such streets, roads
and places and cause the same to be lighted during such hours as are necessary.
Troughs and pipes to be fixed.
(2) The owner of every house or building shall, within twenty-one days after
the service of notice from the local authority to that effect, put up and keep
in good condition proper troughs, gutters and pipes for receiving and carrying
the water from the roof and other part of such house or building and for discharging
the same in such manner as the local authority may direct so that it shall not
fall upon persons passing along the street or enter any sewer.
(3) If the notice is not complied with the local authority at any time after
the expiration of the time so specified may cause the work to be done and the
cost and expenses of so doing shall be paid to the local authority by the owner
in default.
27. Situation of water-pipes, etc., to be altered at the expense
of the local authority.
(1) If the local authority deems it necessary
for the purposes of this Act to raise, sink, lower or otherwise alter the situation
of any water-pipe or other waterworks, electric lighting cable or main telegraph
wire or other electric lighting apparatus or telegraph apparatus laid in any
street, it may, by notice in writing, require the person or authority, to whom
any such pipes, works, cables, mains or apparatus belong or under whose control
they are, to cause forthwith, or as soon as conveniently may be, any such pipes,
works, cables, mains or apparatus to be raised, sunk, lowered or otherwise altered
in position in such manner as it directs:
Provided that such alteration is not such as to permanently injure such works,
cables, mains or apparatus or to prevent the water from flowing as freely and
conveniently as before.
(2) The expenses attending such raising, sinking, lowering or altering, and
reasonable compensation for the damage done thereby, may be paid by the local
authority.
(3) If the person or authority to whom any such pipes, works, mains, cables
or apparatus belong, or under whose control they are, does not proceed forthwith,
or as soon as conveniently may be, after the receipt of such notice to cause
the same to be raised, sunk, lowered or altered in the manner required by such
notice, a Magistrate's Court shall, on the application of the local authority,
issue a mandatory order for the execution of the necessary work.
28. Where road is injured by excavation local authority may repair
and recover expenses.
(1) If the roadway, drain or verandah-way
in or adjoining any public street is damaged by or in consequence of any excavation
on land adjoining such roadway, drain or verandah-way the local authority may
repair and make good the damage done.
(2) All costs and charges arising therefrom shall be paid to the local authority
by the owner of the land on which the excavation has been made.
29. Names
of streets.
(1) The local authority may, subject to the
approval of the State Authority, determine the name by which any street shall
be known and may alter the name of any street or part of a street.
(2) The local authority may cause the name of any street to be painted, or otherwise
marked, in a conspicuous position on any house, building or erection in or near
such street and from time to time alter or renew such inscription of the name
of any street, if the name of the street is altered or such inscription becomes
illegible or damaged.
(3) Any person who destroys, pulls, down, defaces, covers or conceals any inscription
of the name of a street which has lawfully been set up, or sets up in any street
any other name different from the name lawfully given to such street, shall
be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding five hundred ringgit.
30. Designation of fire-hydrants.
(1) The local authority may cause to be affixed
on a conspicuous part of any house or building a plate indicating the position
of the nearest fire-hydrant and may place fire alarms, electric or otherwise,
at convenient places in the streets.
Penalty.
(2) Any person who destroys, pulls down, defaces, covers or conceals any such
plate shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding five hundred ringgit.
31. Numbers
on houses.
(1) The local authority shall in its discretion
allot a number to any house or building and may fix a mark displaying such number
in a conspicuous place on the outside of any house or building or at the entrance
of the enclosure fronting the street, and may from time to time change such
number and replace or refix any mark displaying such number.
Penalty for destroying.
(2) Any person who destroys, pulls down, defaces, covers or conceals any such
mark shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding five hundred ringgit.
(3) The owner and occupier of such house or building shall protect such number.
(4) The expense of replacing or refixing any such number which has been destroyed,
pulled down, defaced, covered or concealed shall be paid by the occupier or,
if the house or building is unoccupied, by the owner, and shall be recoverable
in the manner hereinafter provided.
32. Doors not to open outwards.
(1) All doors, gates, bars and ground-floor
windows opening upon any street shall be hung or placed so as not to open outwards
except when the same are hung or placed in such manner as, in the judgment of
the local authority, to cause no obstruction in any such street.
(2) If any door, gate, bar or window is hung or placed so as to open outwards
on any such street, the owner of the premises to which the same is attached
shall, within fourteen days after the service of such notice from the local
authority to that effect, cause the same to be altered so as not to open outwards.
33. Projections from houses not to be allowed.
(1) The local authority may give notice in
writing to the owner or occupier of any house or building to remove or alter
any projection, encroachment or obstruction which has been or may be erected
or placed against or in front of such house or building, if the same overhangs
or juts into or in any way projects into or encroaches upon or is an obstruction
to the safe and convenient passage along any public street or obstructs or projects
or encroaches into or upon any aqueduct, drain or sewer in such street.
Same to be removed.
(2) Such owner or occupier shall, within fourteen days or such extended time
as the local authority may allow, after the service of such notice upon him,
remove such projection, encroachment or obstruction or alter the same in such
manner as therein directed.
Owner may recover expenses from occupier.
(3) In case such projection, encroachment or obstruction was made or put up
by the occupier and the expenses of removing or altering the same have been
paid by the owner, including a payment by the owner to the local authority when
the work has been executed by it under the power hereinafter provided, then
the owner shall be entitled to recover the reasonable expenses from the occupier.
Occupier may recover expenses from owner.
(4) In case such projection, encroachment or obstruction was not made or put
up by the occupier and the expenses of removing or altering the same have been
paid by him, including a payment by him to the local authority when the work
has been executed by it under the power hereinafter provided, then the occupier
shall be entitled to deduct the reasonable expenses from the rent payable by
him to the owner.
Local authority to pay if erection lawful.
(5) If such projection, encroachment or obstruction has been lawfully made,
the local authority shall pay the expenses of the removal or alteration thereof
and make reasonable compensation to every person who suffers damage by such
removal or alteration and, if any dispute arises touching the amount of such
compensation, the same shall be ascertained in the manner hereinafter provided.
34. Projecting verandahs, etc., may be made in streets not less
than 40 feet wide.
(1) The local authority may give permission
in writing to owners of houses or buildings fronting, adjoining or abutting
on public street of not less than forty feet in width to project open verandahs,
balconies, sun shades, weather-frames and signboards and may, in granting such
permission, impose any condition it thinks fit.
(2) On breach of any such condition the local authority may give the owner or
occupier notice to comply with such condition and, if such condition is not
complied with within thirty days, a Magistrate's Court shall, on the application
of the local authority, make a mandatory order for the removal of such projection.
Penalty.
(3) Any person who contravenes any of the conditions imposed under subsection
(1) shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit
and shall also be liable to a further fine not exceeding two hundred and fifty
ringgit for every day during which the offence is continued after a notice to
remedy the contravention has been served upon the owner or occupier.
35. Sky-signs.
(1) No sky-sign shall be erected in any place
within the area of the local authority without the prior written permission
of the local authority.
(2) The local authority may give to the owner or occupier of any premises upon
which any sky-sign is so erected notice in writing to remove the same, and the
owner or occupier shall remove the same within fourteen days after service of
such notice.
36. Hedges and trees bordering streets to be trimmed.
(1) The local authority may by notice in writing
require the owner or occupier of any land to trim or prune the hedges thereon
bordering any street so that they do not exceed seven feet in height from the
level of the street, and, in the case of hedges within fifteen yards of a corner,
four feet in height from the level of the street, and to cut and trim all trees
or branches of trees overhanging any street.
(2) If the owner or occupier fails to comply with the notice within the period
specified therein, the local authority may itself cause the work to be done
and recover the cost and expenses thereof in the manner hereinafter provided.
37.
Prevention of grass fires.
(1) Where the local authority is satisfied
that any grass, or other vegetation whether growing or not is in a combustible
state or likely to be dangerous to life or property in case it should become
lighted, the local authority may by notice in writing require the owner or occupier
of the land on which the same is growing or lying to remove the same from the
land within a period specified by the notice.
(2) If the notice is not complied with, the local authority at any time after
the expiration of the specified period may, if it thinks fit, cause the work
specified in the notice to be done, and the cost and expenses of so doing shall
be paid to the local authority by the owner or occupier in default and shall
be recoverable in the manner hereinafter provided.
(3) If any fire occurs on any land in respect of which a notice under subsection
(1) has been given after the time limited by such notice and before the notice
has been fully complied with, the cost and expenses of extinguishing the fire
incurred by the local authority shall be paid to it by the owner or occupier
in default and shall be recoverable in the manner hereinafter provided and a
certificate as to the amount of such cost and expenses by the local authority
shall be conclusive evidence that such amount has been so incurred.
38. Trees not to be planted within twelve feet of street.
(1) No tree unless it is of a specie allowed
by the local authority shall be planted within twelve feet of any street or
back-lane.
(2) Any person who plants any tree in contravention of this section shall be
liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding five hundred ringgit, and the tree
may be cut down or dug up by order of the local authority.
Compensation in certain cases.
(3) Any tree standing within twelve feet of or overhanging any street or back-lane
may be cut down or dug up by order of the local authority:
Provided that where such tree being a fruit tree was planted before the street
or back-lane was laid out or intended for a street or back-lane, the local authority
shall make such compensation not exceeding fifty ringgit to the owner thereof
as is just.
39. Taking up pavement.
(1) Any person who displaces,
takes up or makes any alteration in the pavement, flags or other materials or
in the fences or posts of any public street without the prior written permission
of the local authority or without other lawful authority shall be liable on
conviction to a fine not exceeding five hundred ringgit.
(2) Any person who wilfully damages or causes or permits any damage to be done
to any street, footway, verandah-way, works or property, or any part thereof,
belonging to the local authority or along which the public has a right of passage,
shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit.
40. Prohibition of laying rails, mains, pipes, etc., along streets.
(1) No person shall lay or carry
any line of rails, mains, pipes, conduits or electric lines along, through,
across, over or under any street or any place laid out or intended for a street
within any local authority area without the prior written permission of the
local authority which permission may be granted or not at the discretion of
the local authority and upon such terms as it thinks fit.
Penalty.
(2) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) shall be liable on conviction
to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit, and the local authority may remove
the lines of rails, mains, pipes, conduits or electric lines at his expense.
41. Precautions against accident. Bars to be erected across streets
during repairs and lights placed at night.
(1) The local authority, any
person, or any other authority, shall, while carrying out the construction or
repair of any street, back-lane, sewer or drain take proper precaution against
accident by shoring up and protecting the adjoining houses and causing such
bars, chains or posts to be fixed across or in any street or road to prevent
the passage of carriages, carts or other vehicles, while such works are carried
on as to it seems proper and causing the works to be sufficiently lighted and
guarded during the night.
42. Materials not to be deposited without permission.(1) No person shall deposit any
building materials or make a hole in any street or back-lane without the prior
written permission of the local authority.
Fencing and lighting materials
or hole.
(2) When such permission is granted to any person, he shall at his own expense
until the materials are removed or the hole is filled up or otherwise made secure
to the satisfaction of the local authority, cause such materials or such hole
to be sufficiently fenced and enclosed and shall cause the area to be sufficiently
lighted during the night.Penalty.
(3) Any person who deposits materials or makes a hole without such permission
or having been granted permission, who fails to fence or enclose or light such
materials or hole or who fails to remove such materials or fill up such hole
or otherwise make it secure within such time as may be specified in the permission,
shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit and
shall also be liable to a further fine not exceeding one hundred ringgit for
every day during which the offence is continued after twenty-four hours notice
in writing from the local authority to remove such materials or to fill up such
hole.
(4) The local authority may itself fence, enclose
and light such materials or hole and may remove such material or fill up such
hole or otherwise make it secure and all costs and expenses arising therefrom
shall be paid to the local authority by the defaulting person.
43.
Dangerous places to be repaired or enclosed.(1) If, in the opinion of the
local authority, any tank, well, hole or other place is, due to want of sufficient
repair, protection or enclosure or any other cause, dangerous to the public,
it shall give notice in writing to the owner thereof to repair, protect or enclose
the same forthwith so as to prevent danger therefrom.
(2) Any owner who fails without reasonable cause to comply with such notice
shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit,
and the local authority may itself repair, protect or enclose the same.
(3) All costs and expenses arising therefrom shall be paid to the local authority
by the owner of the tank, well, hole or other place.
44. Duty of owner or occupier to keep street clean.(1) The owner or the occupier
of any premises abutting upon any private street to which they have access or
the right of access from such premises shall cause such portion of the street
as abuts on his premises and up to the centre thereof including the footways,
to be properly swept and cleaned so far as is reasonably practicable and the
dust, dirt, ashes, rubbish and filth of every sort found thereon to be collected
and removed.
Notice to owner or occupier
to keep street clean.
(2) The local authority may by notice in writing require any person upon whom
any duty is cast under subsection (1) to sweep and clean such street and to
collect and remove the dust, dirt, ashes, rubbish and filth found thereon at
such time or times as may be specified in such notice.Penalty for non-compliance.
(3) Any person to whom such notice is given who fails to comply with it shall
be liable without further notice to a fine not exceeding one hundred ringgit
for each day during which such non-compliance continues, and the local authority
may itself cause the work to be done and the owner or occupier shall pay to
the local authority the cost and expense thereof.
Local authority may contract
for the work.
(4) The local authority may contract with any owner or occupier as aforesaid
for sweeping and cleaning such street and for collecting and removing the dust,
dirt, ashes and rubbish for such period as the local authority thinks fit.
(5) The amount due by the contracting persons to the local authority may be
recovered in the manner hereinafter provided.
45. Watering streets.
The local authority shall, so
far as it deems requisite for the public convenience, cause any street to be
watered, and for that purpose the local authority may provide such works, engines
and establishments as it thinks necessary.
46. Obstruction.
(1) Any person who -
(a) builds, erects, sets up or maintains or permits to be
built, erected or set up or maintained any wall, fence, rail, post or any
accumulation of any substance, or other obstruction, in any public place;
(b) without the prior written permission of the local authority covers over
or obstructs any open drain or aqueduct along the side of any street;
(c) deposits or causes to be deposited any box, bale or package or merchandise,
utensils, crockery, or other article or thing in any public place for a longer
time than is necessary for loading or unloading such merchandise or article;
(d) deposits or causes to be deposited any goods, article or thing used for
or in connection with his trade in any public place;
(e) deposits or causes to be deposited timber, scrap iron, derelict vehicles
or any part thereof, waste materials or other article or thing in any public
place;
(f) deposits or causes to be deposited garden refuse, kitchen refuse or trade
refuse or any other article or thing in any public place; or
(g) causes or allows any vehicle to rest on any footway,
shall be guilty of causing an
obstruction and may be arrested without warrant by any police officer or any
officer or employee of the local authority authorised in writing in that behalf
by the local authority and taken before a Magistrate's Court and shall be liable
on conviction to a fine not exceeding five hundred ringgit, and in the case
of a second or subsequent conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit.Presumption.
(2) If it is shown in any case that any article or thing has been deposited
in or upon any public place in proximity to any building or land in contravention
of subsection (1) it shall be presumed unless the contrary is proved that the
offence was committed by or by the permission of the occupier of such building
or land.
Power to remove obstruction.
(3) (a) The local authority may cause any such obstruction to be removed or
may itself through its servants remove the same to a suitable place, there to
remain at the risk of the owner or person offending and may detain the same
until the expenses of removal and detention are paid.
(b) The local authority shall certify such expenses to the owner or the person
offending and the certificate of the local authority shall be conclusive proof
of the sum due.
(c) Such sum shall be recoverable in the manner hereinafter provided.Temporary obstructions
on occasions of festivals, etc.
(4) Nothing herein shall prevent the local authority from allowing any temporary
erections in any public place or the temporary use of any part of a public place
on occasions of festivals and ceremonies.
47. Depositing
dirt on streets, etc.(1) Any person who -
(a) places, deposits or throws or causes or allows to be
placed, deposited or thrown any dust, dirt, paper, ashes, carcase, refuse,
boxes, barrels, bales or other article or thing in any public place;
(b) keeps or leaves any article or thing whatsoever in any place where it
or particles therefrom have passed or are likely to pass into any public place;
(c) dries any article of food or other article or thing in any public place;
(d) throws, places, spills or scatters any blood, brine, swill, noxious liquid
or other offensive or filthy matter of any kind in such manner as to run or
fall into any public place;
(e) drops, spills, or scatters any dirt, sand, earth, gravel, clay, loam,
stone, grass, straw, shavings, sawdust, ashes, garden refuse, stable refuse,
trade refuse, manure, garbage or any other thing or matter in any public place,
whether from a moving or stationary vehicle or in any other manner;
(f) sieves, shakes, cleans, beats or otherwise agitates any lime, ashes, sand,
coal, hair, waste paper, feathers or other substance in such manner that it
is carried or likely to be carried by the wind to any public place,
(g) throws or leaves behind any bottle, glass, can, food container, food wrapper,
particles of food or any other article or thing in any public place,
shall be guilty of an offence
under this section and may be arrested without warrant by any police officer
or by any officer or employee of the local authority authorised in writing in
that behalf by the local authority and taken before a Magistrate's Court and
shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding five hundred ringgit,
and in the case of a second or subsequent conviction to a fine not exceeding
one thousand ringgit.
(2) Any person who, during the construction, alteration or demolition of any
building or erection or at any time whatsoever, -
(a) deposits, drops, leaves or places, or permits or causes
to be deposited, dropped, left or placed in or onto any public place, any
stone, cement, earth, sand, wood or other building material, thing or substance;
or
(b) fails to take reasonable precautions to present danger to the life, health
or well-being of persons using any public place or any other person from flying
dust or falling fragments or from any other material, thing or substance,
shall be guilty of an offence
under this section and may be arrested without warrant by any police officer
or by any officer or employee of the local authority authorised in writing in
that behalf by the local authority and taken before a Magistrate's Court and
shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit,
and in the case of a second or subsequent conviction to a fine not exceeding
two thousand ringgit.(3) For the purposes of subsection
(1) (e) -
(a) where the thing or matter is dropped, split or scattered
from a vehicle or drops or spills therefrom, the driver or person having charge
or control of the vehicle shall be deemed to have committed the offence, unless
the offence is committed by a person other than the driver or person having
charge or control of the vehicle and the identity of the person who committed
the offence can be established; and
(b) where the driver of a motor vehicle is alleged or is suspected to be guilty
of the offence -
(i) the owner of the motor vehicle shall give such information
as may be required by a police officer or by an officer or employee of the
local authority as to the identity and address of the person who was driving
the said motor vehicle at or about the time of the alleged offence, and
such other information as such police officer or such officer or employee
of the local authority may require, and if he fails to do so within seven
days of the date on which the information was required from him, he shall
be guilty of an offence under this section unless he proves, to the satisfaction
of the Court, that he did not know and could not with reasonable diligence
have ascertained the information required and
(ii) any other person who was or should have been in charge or in control
of the motor vehicle shall, if so required as aforesaid, give any information
which it is in his power to give, and which may lead to the identification
of the driver, and if, within seven days of the date on which the information
was required from him, he fails to do so, he shall be guilty of an offence
under this section.
Presumption as to offender.
(4) (a) If in any case it is shown that any dust or other substance in this
section mentioned has been deposited in any place in contravention of this section
in close proximity to any building or land or that any such water or any offensive
matter has run, drained or been thrown or put upon or into any street or drain
in contravention of this section, it shall be presumed unless the contrary is
proved that the offence was committed by or by the permission of the occupier
of such building or land.
(b) Where, any act or thing is done by or omitted to be done by an agent, servant
or employee in the course of his duty as such, and such act or thing constitutes
an offence under this section his principal, master or employer shall be liable
for such offence as if such act or thing had been done or omitted to be done
by him unless he can prove that it was done without his consent, connivance
or knowledge and that he had taken reasonable precautions and exercise all due
diligence to avoid the commission of such offence.
48. Interpretation,
sections 46 and 47.
For the purposes of sections
46 and 47 -
"garden refuse" means the refuse from garden and agricultural operations;
"public place" means any street, park, garden, promenade, fountain, traffic
island or circus, playground, river bank, whether above or below high water
mark, place of a public resort or any place to which the public has access;
"stable refuse" means the dung or urine of horses, cattle, sheep, goats or swine,
and the sweepings or refuse or drainage from any stables or cattle-sheds or
places for keeping sheep, goats, swine or poultry;
"trade refuse" means the refuse of any trade, manufacture or business or of
any building operations;
"vehicle" means any vehicle whether mechanically propelled or otherwise.49. (Deleted).
50. Local authority to construct and maintain drains and water-courses.(1)
The local authority may cause to be made and constructed and maintained surface
and storm water drains, culverts, gutters and water-courses and if necessary
the local authority may request the State Authority to acquire any property
in accordance with any law relating to the compulsory acquisition of lands for
the time being in force in the State where the property is situate or may carry
them through, across or under any street or any place laid out as or intended
for a street or any cellar or vault which is under any street and, after reasonable
notice in writing in that behalf may carry them into, through or under any enclosed
or other lands whatsoever, doing as little damage as may be and making full
compensation for any damage done:
Provided that no compensation shall be payable for any loss of business due
to any works done under this section.
(2) If any dispute arises touching the amount or apportionment of compensation,
the same shall be settled in the manner hereinafter provided.
(3) For the purpose of subsection (1), in relation to the Federal Territory
reference to the State Authority shall be construed as reference to the Government
of the Federation.
|
